Radio Spectrum: From Physical Nature to Legal Characterization in Egyptian Law
Corresponding Author(s) : Judge Dr. Abdelmohsen Sheha
Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies,
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023)
Abstract
Radio spectrum is a scarce natural resources that is being widely used in modern technology applications that count on wireless data transfer.
Due to the importance of spectrum utilization, countries and the international community regulated its use in the best interest of the licensees and of the Community as a whole.
Since the XXe Century, spectrum has been regulated in Egyptian law. However, the objective of that regulation was the applications of spectrum more than the spectrum itself. Therefore, drawing on the exact understanding of the physical phenomenon of spectrum, and following a methodology of comparative law, this article was drafted as a serious attempt to identify spectrum as a legal object according to the Egyptian general legal rules, and a study of the applicable legal framework.
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- انشراح الشال، محاولات الإنسان الاتصال عن بعد سلكيًا ولاسلكيًا: دراسة في تكنولوجيا الاتصال، دار النهضة العربية، القاهرة، 2015.
- عبد الرزاق السنهوري، الوسيط في شرح القانون المدني، الجزء الثامن (حق الملكية)، دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت، 1968.
- عبد الرزاق السنهوري، الوسيط في شرح القانون المدني، الجزء الثامن (حق الملكية)، الطبعة الثانية، دار النهضة العربية، القاهرة، 1991.
- عمر الشريف، شرح أحكام قانون تنظيم الاتصالات، مكتبة كلية الهندسة بجامعة الإسكندرية، 2009.
- ماجد راغب الحلو، القانون الإداري، دار المطبوعات الجامعية، الإسكندرية، 2000.
- A. H. Dictionaries, A. H. Spectrum. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
- A. L. Gerig. Introduction to wave physics, 2021, available on https://www. researchgate.net/publication/349721510_Introduction_to_Wave_Physics.
- B. K. Marcus. “The Spectrum Should Be Private Property: The Economics, History, and Future of Wireless Technology.” Essays In Political Economy, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004.
- B. P. Freyens. “A Policy Spectrum for Spectrum Economics.” Information Economics and Policy 21, 2009.
- B. P. Freyens. “A Policy Spectrum for Spectrum Economics.” Information Economics and Policy 21, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2009.03.005
- Cramton, P. (2002). Spectrum Auctions. Handbook of Telecommunications Economics. M. Cave, S. Majumdar and I. Vogelsang. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science B.V.
- E. Kruse. “From Free Privilege to Regulation: Wireless Firms and the Competition for Spectrum Rights Before World War I.” The Business History Review 76(4), 2002.
- E. Kruse. “From Free Privilege to Regulation: Wireless Firms and the Competition for Spectrum Rights Before World War I.” The Business History Review 76(4), 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4127706
- ITU (2018) Economic Aspects of Spectrum Management, Rep. ITU-R SM.2012- 6.
- ITU-R Report, “Guidelines on The Regulatory Framework for National Spectrum Management”, n. 20932018 ,3/.
- ITU-R. Article 1:Terms and Definitions. Radio Regulations, 2020.
- ITU-R. Handbook on National Spectrum Management. ITU, Geneva, 2015.
- ITU-R. ITU-R Recommendation SM.11322-: General Principles and Methods for Sharing Between Radiocommunication Services or Between Radio Stations. SM Series. Spectrum Management, 2001.
- J. Chaduc and G. Pogorel (2008). The Radio Spectrum. Managing a Strategic Resource. London, ISTE Ltd, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470610947
- L. Herzel. “’Public Interest’ and the Market in Color Television Regulation.” University of Chicago Law Review, 1951.
- M. Cave et al. Essentials of modern spectrum management. The Cambridge wireless essentials series. Cambridge ; New York, Cambridge University Press,: xii, 265 p, 2007.
- R. H. Coase. “The Federal Communications Commission.” Journal of Law & Economics 2(1): 11959 ,40-. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/466549
- R. H. Coase. “The Problem of Social Cost”. Journal of Law & Economics, 3(Oct), 11960 ,44-. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/466560
- R. Horvitz (2013). Geo-Database Management of White Space vs. Open Spectrum. Tv White Space: A Pragmatic Approach. E.Pietrosemoli and M.Zennaro. Trieste, ICTP.
- R. Struzak. Introduction to International Radio Regulations. ICTP Lecture Notes. S. M. Radicella. Italy, The Abdus Salam ICTP, 2003.
- V. Timofeev. From Radiotelegraphy to Worldwide Wireless, How ITU Processes and Regulations Have Helped Shape the Modern World of Radiocommunications. ITU News, 2006.
- V. Timofeev. From Radiotelegraphy to Worldwide Wireless, How ITU Processes and Regulations Have Helped Shape the Modern World of Radiocommunications. ITU News, 2006.
- DELCROS Bertrand et TRUCHET Didier, “Controverse: les ondes appartiennent-elles au domaine public?”, RFDA, n. 5, 1989.
- DRAGO Roland, “Nature juridique de l’espace hertzien”, in Aspects du droit privé, 1986.
- DUFAU Jean, “Point de vue: infrastructures de télécommunications. Le domaine public hertzien: un concept juridiquement contestable”, 2001, disponible sur: https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/point-de-vue-infrastructures- de-telecommunication-le-domaine-public-hertzien-un-concept-juridiquement- contestable.87179.
- GAUDEMET Yves, CHAMINADE André et PEZ-LAVERGNE Thomas, «Le système français d’exploitation du domaine public hertizien et d’attribution des fréquences radioélectriques», Rapport du groupe de travail, Fondation pour le droit continental, Agence nationale des fréquences, 2009.
- GONOD Pascale, Traité de droit administratif. T. 2, Dalloz, Paris, 2011.
- ROUX Christophe, droit administratif des biens, Mémentos, éd. 2, Paris, 2021.
- WALINE Marcel, Traité de droit administratif, 8 ed., Sirey, Paris, 1959.
References
انشراح الشال، محاولات الإنسان الاتصال عن بعد سلكيًا ولاسلكيًا: دراسة في تكنولوجيا الاتصال، دار النهضة العربية، القاهرة، 2015.
عبد الرزاق السنهوري، الوسيط في شرح القانون المدني، الجزء الثامن (حق الملكية)، دار إحياء التراث العربي، بيروت، 1968.
عبد الرزاق السنهوري، الوسيط في شرح القانون المدني، الجزء الثامن (حق الملكية)، الطبعة الثانية، دار النهضة العربية، القاهرة، 1991.
عمر الشريف، شرح أحكام قانون تنظيم الاتصالات، مكتبة كلية الهندسة بجامعة الإسكندرية، 2009.
ماجد راغب الحلو، القانون الإداري، دار المطبوعات الجامعية، الإسكندرية، 2000.
A. H. Dictionaries, A. H. Spectrum. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
A. L. Gerig. Introduction to wave physics, 2021, available on https://www. researchgate.net/publication/349721510_Introduction_to_Wave_Physics.
B. K. Marcus. “The Spectrum Should Be Private Property: The Economics, History, and Future of Wireless Technology.” Essays In Political Economy, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004.
B. P. Freyens. “A Policy Spectrum for Spectrum Economics.” Information Economics and Policy 21, 2009.
B. P. Freyens. “A Policy Spectrum for Spectrum Economics.” Information Economics and Policy 21, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2009.03.005
Cramton, P. (2002). Spectrum Auctions. Handbook of Telecommunications Economics. M. Cave, S. Majumdar and I. Vogelsang. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science B.V.
E. Kruse. “From Free Privilege to Regulation: Wireless Firms and the Competition for Spectrum Rights Before World War I.” The Business History Review 76(4), 2002.
E. Kruse. “From Free Privilege to Regulation: Wireless Firms and the Competition for Spectrum Rights Before World War I.” The Business History Review 76(4), 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4127706
ITU (2018) Economic Aspects of Spectrum Management, Rep. ITU-R SM.2012- 6.
ITU-R Report, “Guidelines on The Regulatory Framework for National Spectrum Management”, n. 20932018 ,3/.
ITU-R. Article 1:Terms and Definitions. Radio Regulations, 2020.
ITU-R. Handbook on National Spectrum Management. ITU, Geneva, 2015.
ITU-R. ITU-R Recommendation SM.11322-: General Principles and Methods for Sharing Between Radiocommunication Services or Between Radio Stations. SM Series. Spectrum Management, 2001.
J. Chaduc and G. Pogorel (2008). The Radio Spectrum. Managing a Strategic Resource. London, ISTE Ltd, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470610947
L. Herzel. “’Public Interest’ and the Market in Color Television Regulation.” University of Chicago Law Review, 1951.
M. Cave et al. Essentials of modern spectrum management. The Cambridge wireless essentials series. Cambridge ; New York, Cambridge University Press,: xii, 265 p, 2007.
R. H. Coase. “The Federal Communications Commission.” Journal of Law & Economics 2(1): 11959 ,40-. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/466549
R. H. Coase. “The Problem of Social Cost”. Journal of Law & Economics, 3(Oct), 11960 ,44-. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/466560
R. Horvitz (2013). Geo-Database Management of White Space vs. Open Spectrum. Tv White Space: A Pragmatic Approach. E.Pietrosemoli and M.Zennaro. Trieste, ICTP.
R. Struzak. Introduction to International Radio Regulations. ICTP Lecture Notes. S. M. Radicella. Italy, The Abdus Salam ICTP, 2003.
V. Timofeev. From Radiotelegraphy to Worldwide Wireless, How ITU Processes and Regulations Have Helped Shape the Modern World of Radiocommunications. ITU News, 2006.
V. Timofeev. From Radiotelegraphy to Worldwide Wireless, How ITU Processes and Regulations Have Helped Shape the Modern World of Radiocommunications. ITU News, 2006.
DELCROS Bertrand et TRUCHET Didier, “Controverse: les ondes appartiennent-elles au domaine public?”, RFDA, n. 5, 1989.
DRAGO Roland, “Nature juridique de l’espace hertzien”, in Aspects du droit privé, 1986.
DUFAU Jean, “Point de vue: infrastructures de télécommunications. Le domaine public hertzien: un concept juridiquement contestable”, 2001, disponible sur: https://www.lemoniteur.fr/article/point-de-vue-infrastructures- de-telecommunication-le-domaine-public-hertzien-un-concept-juridiquement- contestable.87179.
GAUDEMET Yves, CHAMINADE André et PEZ-LAVERGNE Thomas, «Le système français d’exploitation du domaine public hertizien et d’attribution des fréquences radioélectriques», Rapport du groupe de travail, Fondation pour le droit continental, Agence nationale des fréquences, 2009.
GONOD Pascale, Traité de droit administratif. T. 2, Dalloz, Paris, 2011.
ROUX Christophe, droit administratif des biens, Mémentos, éd. 2, Paris, 2021.
WALINE Marcel, Traité de droit administratif, 8 ed., Sirey, Paris, 1959.
