Issue

Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023)

Artificial Intelligence Conference: Legal Aspects of Digital Transformation 2023

Deployment of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System: Opportunities and Challenges

https://doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v3i2.158
Mr. Ahmed Mostafa El.Fiqy
Member of The State Lawsuits Authority, PhD Candidate at Faculty of Law, Cairo University

Corresponding Author(s) : Mr. Ahmed Mostafa El.Fiqy

elfiqy.ahmed@yahoo.com

Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023)

Abstract

With the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the accompanying technological transformations, numerous countries have consistently integrated modern technologies into various facets of daily life. Foremost among these technologies is Artificial Intelligence (AI), owing to its remarkable ability to meticulously analyze extensive datasets and produce results of considerable precision.


Globally, many nations have embarked on the utilization of AI technology within their criminal justice systems for the purpose of achieving cost efficiencies in law enforcement and court services, as well as streamlining the efforts of personnel involved at various junctures of the criminal justice process.


At present, the application of AI technologies is experiencing a notable upswing in the detection of criminal offenders. Through predictive policing tools, law enforcement agencies can pinpoint potential crime-prone areas. Furthermore, AI algorithms are becoming pivotal in the essential task of risk assessment, by determining the necessity of pretrial detention on a case-specific basis.


Despite the manifold advantages that the integration of AI may bring to criminal justice systems, it is not without its array of challenges. Much like any technology, AI embodies a dual-edged characteristic. The inherent risks encompass concerns related to safeguarding personal data; data bias that may engender disparities in sentencing and judicial decisions.


Hence, given the aforementioned considerations, we find it imperative to undertake a comprehensive analysis and discourse on this subject matter. Our inquiry will delve into elucidating the essence of AI algorithms, and their modus operandi. Moreover, we shall explore the diverse manifestations of AI utilization across different junctures of criminal procedures and, in conclusion, address the most salient perils accompanying such deployment.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Predictive Justice Data Bias Black Box Effect خوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي العدالة التنبؤية تحيز البيانات ظاهرة الصندوق الأسود
Ahmed Mostafa El.Fiqy, . (2023). Deployment of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies, 3(2), 571–624. https://doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v3i2.158
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. المراجع العربية
  2. أحمد الفقى و احمد عمرو, "الذكاء الاصطناعى فى الجهاز الادارى للدولة بين آفاق تعزيز الحوكمة والتحديات التقنية والقانونية"،مجلة العلوم القانونية,المجلد65، العدد 2، 2022
  3. أنور يسر, النظرية العامة للتدابير والخطورة الاجرامية، دراسة فى الدفاع الاجتماعى ضد الجريمة، مجلة العلوم القانونية والاقتصادية، العدد الاول.
  4. د.اشرف ابراهيم عطية،انعكاسات الذكاء الاصطناعى على البطالة ومستقبل العمل: اتساع معدل الازاحة ام زيادة معدل الانتاجية،مجلة القانون والتكنولوجيا الناشئة، العدد الاول،اكتوبر 2021
  5. د.ايناس خلف الخالدى، حوكمة استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في العمل القضائي: قراءة قانونية في الميثاق الأخلاقي الأوروبي بشأن استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي "AI" في النظم القضائية وبيئتها "CEPEJ" ، مجلة البحوث والدراسات الشرعية، مجلد10 عدد 116، 2021
  6. د.جميل عبد الياقى الصغير،شرح قانون الاجراءات الجنائية الجزء الاول مرحلة جمع الاستدلالات، التحقيق الابتدائى، الدعوى الجنائية، دار النهضة العربية،2015
  7. د.شادى عبد الوهاب منصور،الشرطة التنبؤية،مركز المستقبل للابحاث والدراسات المتقدمة،العدد 4، اكتوبر2018
  8. د.عبد اللاة الفقى, الذكاء الاصطناعى والانظمة الخبيرة , دار الثقافة للنشر والتوزيع , عمان 2012
  9. د.عمر سالم، الوجيزفى شرح قانون الاجراءات الجنائية – الجزء الاول ،دار النهضة العربية، 2010
  10. عمر عبد المجيد مصبح،توظيف خوارزميات العدالة التنبؤية فى نظام العدالة الجنائية، المجلة الدولية للقانون،العدد العاشر، العدد الاول،2021
  11. فهيل عبد الباسط عبد الكريم،دور التكنولوجيا الرقمية فى تحقيق العدالة الجنائية: الفرص والتحديات،مجلة جامعة دهوك،المجلد 25، العدد 2
  12. محمود سلامة عبد المنعم الشريف،الطبيعة القانونية للتنبؤ بالجريمة بواسطة الذكاء االصطناعي ومشروعيته،المجلة العربية لعلوم الادلة الجنائية والطب الشرعي,2021
  13. محمود نجيب حسنى، النظرية العامة للتدابير الاحترازية، مجلة إدارة قضايا الحكومة،
  14. محمود نجيب حسنى، النظرية العامة للقصد الجرمي، دار النهضة العربية،1984
  15. ممدوح عبد الحميد عبد المطلب،الشرطة الاستخباراتية، العمل الشرطي القائم على الذكاء الاصطناعى وتحليل المعلومات، دار النهضة العربية، الطبعة الاولى، 2019
  16. كيف يساعدنا الذكاء الاصطناعي في مكافحة الأمراض والتصدي للعنف؟ - BBC News عربي’ <https://www.bbc.com/arabic/vert-fut-41355914> accessed 26 May 2023.
  17. ثانيا:المراجع الأجنبية
  18. A Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for DNA Mixture Interpretation | National Institute of Justice’ <https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2014-dn-bx-k029> accessed 26 May 2023.
  19. AI for Everyone? Book Subtitle: Critical Perspectives Book Editor(s): Pieter Verdegem Published by: University of Westminster Press. (2021)
  20. Aleš Završnik،Criminal justice, artificial intelligence systems, and human rights،ERA Forum 20, 567–583 (2020) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00602-0
  21. ALYSSA NEWCOMB.: Finland is Using Inmates to Help a Start-Up Train Its Artificial Intelligence Algorithms (2019). Available at: http://fortune.com/2019/03/28/finland-prison-inmates-train-ai-artificialintelligence-algorithms-vain
  22. Andreas Kaplan, ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI): When Humans and Machines Might Have to Coexist’ in Pieter Verdegem (ed), AI for Everyone? Critical Perspectives (University of Westminster Press 2021) <https://www.uwestminsterpress.co.uk/site/chapters/e/10.16997/book55.b/> accessed 24 May 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/book55.b
  23. Andrew D Selbst & julia powels. Meaningful information and the right to explanation, International Data Privacy Law, Volume 7, issue 4, November 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipx022
  24. Angelica Mari.: DCMS announces new funding for prison coding skills. Computer Weekly (15 March 2019), accessed 25 May 2023
  25. Ben Dickson, ‘What Is Narrow, General and Super Artificial Intelligence - TechTalks’ (12 May 2017) <https://bdtechtalks.com/2017/05/12/what-is-narrow-general-and-super-artificial-intelligence/> accessed 24 May 2023.
  26. Benjamin Minhao Chen،Zhiyu Li، How Will Technology Change the Face of Chinese Justice? Columbia Journal of Asian Law, Vol 34(1)
  27. Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So | WIRED’ <https://www.wired.com/story/can-ai-be-fair-judge-court-estonia-thinks-so/> accessed 26 May 2023.
  28. Chicago Police Try to Predict Who May Shoot or Be Shot - The New York Times’ <https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/us/armed-with-data-chicago-police-try-to-predict-who-may-shoot-or-be-shot.html> accessed 24 May 2023.
  29. Christopher Rigano, Using Artificial Intelligence to Address Criminal Justice Needs, office of justice program NIJ Journal 280, January (2019)
  30. Daniel Crevier, AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence (Basic Books 1993).
  31. David Weisburd, ‘THE LAW OF CRIME CONCENTRATION AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*: THE American Society of Criminology, Vol 53, issue 2, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12070
  32. Development of Computational Methods for the Audio Analysis of Gunshots” at Cadre Research Labs, LLC, NIJ award number 2016-DN-BX-0183.
  33. Don Casey et al. ‘Decision Support Systems in Policing’, European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin, (2019) https://bulletin.cepol.europa.eu/index.php/bulletin/article/view/345
  34. Dr. Heidi issa (2021) "Human Rights in the Era of Artificial Intelligence “Figures, Opinions and Solutions”," Journal Sharia and Law: Vol. 2021: No. 85, Article
  35. Eder, Sascha،How Can We Eliminate Bias In Our Algorithms? retrieved from url: https://www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2018/06/27/how-can-we-eliminate-bias-in-ouralgorithms/#44b9c70f337e
  36. Elizabeth R.Groof & Nancy G.la vigne, Forecasting the future of predictive crime mapping. Crime Prev. Stud. Vol 13, 2002
  37. Exclusive: UK Police Wants AI to Stop Violent Crime before It Happens | New Scientist’ <https://www.newscientist.com/article/2186512-exclusive-uk-police-wants-ai-to-stop-violent-crime-before-it-happens/> accessed 26 May 2023.
  38. Facial Recognition Leads Cops to Alleged Rapist in under 24 Hours’ <https://nypost.com/2019/08/05/facial-recognition-leads-cops-to-alleged-rapist-in-under-24-hours/> accessed 26 May 2023.
  39. Fieke Jansen, ‘Data Driven Policing in the Context of Europe’ (2018) available on https://datajusticeproject.net/wpcontent/uploads/sites/30/2019/05/Report-Data-Driven-Policing-EU.pdf.
  40. Genevieve Smith and Ishita Rustagi ،Mitigating Bias in Artificial Intelligence: An Equity Fluent Leadership Playbook ، Berkeley Haas Center for Equity, Gender and Leadership, July 2020.
  41. Graham Webster., Creemers, R., Triolo, P.: Full Translation: China’s ‘New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’ (2017). New America (2017).available at https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/full-translation-chinas-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-development-plan-2017/
  42. Henry Shevlin and others, ‘The Limits of Machine Intelligence’ (2019) EMBO Reports, Volume 20،Issue 10, 4 October 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201949177
  43. How Are Chinese Courts Using Technology? | Judicature’ (12 April 2021) <https://judicature.duke.edu/articles/chinas-e-justice-revolution/> accessed 26 May 2023.
  44. How the Gangs Violence Matrix Works’ <https://www.met.police.uk/police-forces/metropolitan-police/areas/about-us/about-the-met/gangs-violence-matrix/> accessed 24 May 2023.
  45. Independent high level experts’ group on artificial intelligence, set up by the European commission, a definition of AI: MAIN CAPABILITIES and scientific disciplines. Springer.8 April 2019.
  46. James X. Dempsey, Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction to the Legal, Policy and Ethical Issues, Berkeley Center for Law & Technology August 10, 2020
  47. Jeff Asher and Rob Arthur, Inside the Algorithm That Tries to Predict Gun Violence in Chicago, The New York Times,13 June 2017, accessed 25 May 2023.
  48. Joe Russo, Dulani Woods, John S. Shaffer, Brian A. Jackson. Countering threats to correctional institution security: Identifying innovation needs to address current and emerging concerns. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2933.htm DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2933
  49. John E. Eck, Spencer Chainey, James G. Cameron, Michael Leitner, and Ronald E. Wilson, Special Report. Mapping Crime: Understanding Hot Spots. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice (2005). Available at: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11291/1/11291.pdf
  50. Jon Kleinberg, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Jure Leskovec, Jens Ludwig and Sendhil Mullainathan.: Human decisions and machine predictions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 133, Issue 1, February 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w23180
  51. Judges Replacing Conjecture with Formula for Bail - The New York Times’ <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/27/us/turning-the-granting-of-bail-into-a-science.html> accessed 26 May 2023.
  52. Julia Dressel and Hany Farid, ‘The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism’, Science Advanced, Vol 4, no. 1 (2018) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao5580
  53. Karolina La Fors-Owczynik, Prevention strategies, vulnerable positions and risking the ‘identity trap’: digitalized risk assessments and their legal and sociotechnical implications on children and migrants, Information & Communications Technology Law, Vol. 25, No. 2,2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2016.1183307
  54. Krzysztof Izdebsk، alGOVrithms—State of Play. ePanstwo Foundation (2019). Available at: ´ https:// epf.org.pl/en/projects/algovrithms/
  55. Marion Oswald et al., ‘Algorithmic risk assessment models: lessons from the Durham HART model and ‘Experimental proportionality’ Information & Communications Technology Law, Vol 27, Issue 2 (2018) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2018.1458455
  56. Marvin Lee Minsky, Steps Towards Artificial intelligence proceeding, January 1961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1961.287775
  57. Michael E. Donohue، A REPLACEMENT FOR JUSTITIA’S SCALES?: MACHINE LEARNING’S ROLE IN SENTENCING، Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Volume 32, Number 2 Spring 2019.
  58. NILA BALA & LARS TRAUTMAN، Will artificial intelligence help improve prisons? Pacific Standard. Retrieved from https:// psmag.com/social-justice/should-prisons-use-artificial-intelligence،3 May 2019
  59. Nils J.Nilson, the quest for artificial intelligence : A history of Ideas and achievements, Cambridge University Press, Lomdon,2010.
  60. No Escape? Chinese VIP Jail Puts AI Monitors in Every Cell “to Make Prison Breaks Impossible” | South China Morning Post’ <https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3003903/no-escape-chinese-vip-jail-puts-ai-monitors-every-cell-make> accessed 26 May 2023.
  61. Nu Wang ، “Black Box Justice”: Robot Judges and AI-based Judgment Processes in China’s Court System. 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS), (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISTAS50296.2020.9462216
  62. Peter DeAngelis, 'Racial Profiling and the Presumption of Innocence' , Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, issue 1, 2014,
  63. Police Are Using Algorithms to Tell Them If You’re a Threat | Time’ <https://time.com/4966125/police-departments-algorithms-chicago/> accessed 24 May 2023.
  64. Practitioners Guide to COMPAS”, Northpointe, 17 August 2012
  65. Redden, J., Inkpen, C., DeMichele, M., & Criminal Justice Testing and Evaluation Consortium. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Corrections. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs، (2020). http://cjtec.org
  66. Reva Schwartz,Apostol Vassilev, Kristen Greene, Towards a Standard for Identifying and Managing Bias in Artificial Intelligence, NIST Special Publication 1270 available at: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.1270.pdf
  67. Ronald ‘Yu and Gabriele Alì - What's Inside the Black Box? AI Challenges for Lawyers and Researchers’.،Legal Information Management, Volume 19, Issue 1, March 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1472669619000021
  68. Ronald Yu and Gabriele Spina Alì, ‘What’s Inside the Black Box? AI Challenges for Lawyers and Researchers’,Legal Information Management,2019
  69. Ryan Calo, ‘Artificial Intelligence Policy: A Primer and Roadmap’ 51. U.C. Davis L. Rev. 300 (2017) DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3015350
  70. Sam Corbett-Davies and others, ‘Algorithmic Decision Making and the Cost of Fairness’, Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (ACM 2017) <https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3097983.3098095> accessed 26 May 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098095
  71. Sarah Marsh, ‘Ethics Committee Raises Alarm over “predictive Policing” Tool’ The Guardian (20 April 2019) <https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/20/predictive-policing-tool-could-entrench-bias-ethics-committee-warns> accessed 24 May 2023.
  72. Serena Oosterloo and Gerwin van Shie, ‘The Politics and Biases of the “Crime Anticipation System” of the Dutch Police’ (2018), available at :http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2103/paper_6.pdf
  73. Snapshot’ <https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/cbp-washington-dulles-international-airport-intercepted-imposter-using> accessed 26 May 2023.
  74. Sohajaber Aljaber, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 12, Issue 12, December 2022.
  75. Sophia Yan, ‘Chinese High-Security Jail Puts AI Monitors in Every Cell “to Make Prison Breaks Impossible”’ The Telegraph (1 April 2019) <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/01/chinese-prison-rolls-facial-recognition-sensors-track-inmates/> accessed 26 May 2023.
  76. Stuart J. RUSSEL and Peter NORVIC, Artificial intelligence: A modern approach, Pearson education limited,3rd edition,2014,
  77. Taylor R Moore, ‘Trade Secrets and Algorithms as Barriers to Social Justice’, Center for Democracy & Technology (2017), available at: https://cdt.org/files/2017/08/2017-07-31-Trade-Secret-Algorithms-as-Barriers-to-SocialJustice.pdf
  78. The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights: Recommendation Unboxing Artificial Intelligence: 10 steps to protect Human Rights (May 2019). Available at: https://rm.coe.int/unboxingartificial-intelligence-10-steps-to-protect-human-rights-reco/1680946e64
  79. Trapped in the Gangs Matrix’ <https://www.amnesty.org.uk/trapped-gangs-matrix> accessed 24 May 2023.
  80. Using Artificial Intelligence to Address Criminal Justice Needs’ (National Institute of Justice) <https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/using-artificial-intelligence-address-criminal-justice-needs> accessed 26 May 2023.
  81. Walter L Perry and others, 'Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations' (RAND 2013) DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR233
Read More

Author Biography

Mr. Ahmed Mostafa El.Fiqy, Member of The State Lawsuits Authority, PhD Candidate at Faculty of Law, Cairo University

مجلة القانون والتكنولوجيا هي مجلة بحثية علمية مُحكمة ومتخصصة،تصدر بصورة نصف سنوية، تأسست في كلية القانون بالجامعة البريطانية في مصر في عام 2020. وهي تغطي جميع الجوانب القانونية ذات الصلة بالتكنولوجيا، بما في ذلك على سبيل المثال لا الحصر، الاقتصاد الرقمى، والتقاضى الإلكترونى، والتكنولوجيا الحيوية وقانون الخصوصية، التجارة والمعاملات الإلكترونية والجرائم الإلكترونية، وقانون الفضاء، وقانون الاتصالات والإنترنت.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Share |
Download this PDF file
PDF (العربية)
Statistic
Read Counter : 1317 Download : 968

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.