The Intersection of Private International Law with Cryptocurrencies: A Study of Contemporary Legal Issues
Corresponding Author(s) : Dr. Hazem Hussein Abu Zeid Mohammed
Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies,
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025)
Abstract
Disputes involving crypto-assets supported by blockchain technology or similar technologies pose contemporary challenges across various branches of law, including the rules of private international law, due to their complex nature, rapid development, and cross-border characteristics. In light of global shifts focused on dealing with crypto-assets, it is crucial to adapt to the nature of these assets and reform existing laws in accordance with the necessary requirements to deal with a global system in which digital innovation has become an integral part. It can be said and acknowledged that this task will be more difficult within the framework of private international law compared to other related legal branches, based on the difficulties and challenges discussed regarding the harmonization of jurisprudential trends to reach a relative consensus on aspects of private international law related to crypto-assets.
The applicable law for disputes over crypto-assets is the central question at the heart of this challenge. Analysis shows that there is a new and urgent need for an innovative approach in interpreting and applying the traditional method of choosing the law in the context of crypto-asset disputes. This requires a thorough understanding of the technological aspects related to crypto-assets, their continuous evolution, and their diversity across various fields. The starting point of this new approach should be reflected in the rules of domestic law and their adaptation to digital assets—whether they are considered money, legal tender, traditional property, or property of another category, Therefore, it is necessary for the dialogue on this matter to remain open until international cooperation yields practical and widely acceptable solutions that address all challenges, including the challenges of private international law, which have been raised by encrypted assets around the world.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- أولاً- المراجع باللغة العربية:
- د. أحمد رجب عبد الخالق قرشم، التنظيم القانوني للعملات الرقمية وفقاً لآليات المؤسسات والهيئات الأمريكية، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، المجلد 13، العدد 84 ، 2023م. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjle.2023.311862
- د. آلاء يعقوب موسى، التكييف القانوني للعملات الافتراضية- البتكوين نموذجاً، مجلة جامعة الشارقة للعلوم القانونية، كلية القانون، المجلد: 19، العدد: 3، 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36394/jls.v19.i3.5
- رشا على الدين أحمد، النظام القانوني لحماية عنوان الموقع الإلكتروني- دراسة على ضوء قواعد تنازع القوانين، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، العدد: 67، 2018.
- د. سالي سمير فهمي عبد المسيح، الاستثمار في العملات الافتراضية، المجلة القانونية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة القاهرة، فرع الخرطوم، المجلد 10، العدد 7، 2021م.
- د. هايدي عيسى حسن علي حسن، إشكاليات العقود الذكية في القانون الدولي الخاص، دراسة تحليلية مقارنة، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، العدد: 82، المجلد: 12، 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjle.2022.294119
- د. منصور علي منصور شطا، العملات الافتراضية المشفرة وأثرها على مستقبل المعاملات (الواقع وآفاق المستقبل)، مجلة كلية الشريعة والقانون، جامعة طنطا، المجلد: 37، العدد :1، 2022م. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mksq.2022.254937
- د. صلاح زين زيدان، دراسة لبعض مشكلات عملة البيتكوين المشفرة، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، مؤتمر الجوانب القانونية والاقتصادية للذكاء الاصطناعي وتكنولوجيا المعلومات، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjle.2022.217175
- ثانياً- المراجع باللغة الإنجليزية:
- AIGNER Markus: Das internationale Privatrecht und die Blockchain-ein unlösbarer gordischer Knoten.” Zeitschrift für Europarecht, internationales Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung :26 , 2020.
- APOSTOL,Mihaela:Arbitration Transforming Exploring the impact of AI, blockchain, metaverse and Web3, Radboud University Press, 2025.
- BONOMI Andrea, LEHMANN Matthias, LALANI Shaheeza, Blockchain and private international law, International and Comparative Business Law and Public Policy, Brill- Nijhoff, Vol: 4, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004514850
- BECH Morten, GARRATT Rodney, Central bank cryptocurrencies, BIS Quarterly Review, September 2017.
- BELL Chloë & CAINER Joshua, Decrypting the situs: conflicts of laws challenges in cryptoasset litigation, 2020.
- Basedow, Jürgen, et al., eds, Encyclopedia of private international law, Cheltenham, RU: Edward Elgar Publishing, Vol: 1 2017.
- COLLINS Lord of Mapesbury; Harris, J. (eds.), Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws,16 th ed, London, 2022.
- DICKINSON Andrew: Cryptocurrencies and the Conflict of Laws, in David Fox and Sarah Green (eds), Cryptocurrencies in Public and Private Law, Oxford, UNI, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198826385.003.0005
- Dicey, Morris & Collins : on the Conflict of Laws, Edward Eglar, UK, 2013.
- GIRASA Rosario, Regulation of cryptocurrencis and Blockchain Technologies- National and International Perspectives, Second Edition, Springer, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21812-5
- GUILLAUME Florence, Aspects of private international law related to blockchain transactions, In: Blockchains, smart contracts, decentralised autonomous organisations and the law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788115131.00009
- GRABOWSKI Mark, Cryptocurrencies A Primer on digital money, Routledge Focus on Economics and Finance, New York, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201479
- GIBSON, Ethan: Locating Bitcoin: Jurisdictional Challenges and Solutions in Digital Asset Law, Florida Journal of International Law, 2025, Vol: 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5049094
- GREEN Sarah, & FERDISHA Snagg: Intermediated Securities and Distributed Ledger Technology, Intermediation and Beyond , Vol: 337, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509919925.ch-016
- LEHMANN Matthias: Blockchains and Smart Contracts, the European Association of Private International Law, 28 February 2020.
- NG Michael: Choice of law for property issues regarding Bitcoin under English law” (2019) 15 Journal of Private International Law 315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2019.1649235
- SCHARFMAN Jason, Cryptocurrency Compliance and operations- Digital Assets, Blockchain and DeFi, Springer, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88000-2
- PICONE Paolo: Les Méthodes De Coordination Entre Ordres Juridiques en Droit International Privé, Recueil des cours de l’ Académie de droit international de la Haye, Brill-Nijhoff, tome: 276, 1999.
- RIPLEY Burcu Yüksel, Cryptocurrency Transfers in Distributed Ledger Technology-Based Systems and Their Characterisation in Conflict of Laws, “ From Theory to Practice in Private International Law: Gedächtnisschrift for Professor Jonathan Fitchen (Hart, Forthcoming), 2022.
- ROWLAND Gregory (S). & KIVIAT Trevor (I.) & POLK Davis & Wardwell (LLP) : Global Legal Insights Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation,Third Edition, Global Legal Group Ltd, Uk, 2021.
- SANITT Adam: Legal analysis of the governed blockchain Norton Rose Fulbright , June 2018.
- VÁLKOVÁ Lenka: Property Rights Over Cryptocurrencies- A Conflict of Laws Perspective, EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), 7, 2023.
- VILLATA Francesca (C.), & VÁLKOVÁ Lenka, Property Rights over Cryptocurrencies: A Conflict-of-Laws Perspective.” EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), Vol: 7, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28258
- YÜKSEL Burcu Ripley & HEINDLER Florian: The Law Applicable to Crypto Assets: What Policy Choices Are Ahead of Us? In BONOMI Andrea, LEHMANN Matthias, LALANI Shaheeza- Blockchain and private international law, International and Comparative Business Law and Public Policy, Brill- Nijhoff, Vol: 4, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004514850_011
- TAKAHASHI Koji: Conflict Of Laws In Emissions Trading, in Bonomi Andrea and PAOLO Romano Gian: Yearbook of Private International Law, Otto Schmidt, Vol: XIII, 2011.
- ـــــــــــــــــــ Law applicable to proprietary issues of cryptoassets, Journal of Private International Law, Taylor & Francis, Routledge, Vol. 18, No. 3, 339–362, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2022.2138102
- ثالثاً- المواقع الإلكترونية:
- https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
- https://www.fool.com/investing/stock-market/market-sectors/financials/cryptocurrency-stocks/types-of-cryptocurrencies/
- https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2021/07/26/blog-cryptoassets-as-national-currency-a-step-too-far
- https://eapil.org/2020/02/28/destination-aarhus-lehmann-on-blockchains-and-smart-contracts
- https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A41980A0934
- https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/29/contents
- https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/843/oj
- https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemesen.pdf
- https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58473260
- https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#p0271
- https://www.unidroit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/C.D.-102-12-Proposal-for-Joint-Work-HCCH-UNIDROIT.pdf
- https://assets.hcch.net/docs/3afb8418-7eb7-4a0c-af85-c4f35995bb8a.pdf
- https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node
- https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019AP0086
References
أولاً- المراجع باللغة العربية:
د. أحمد رجب عبد الخالق قرشم، التنظيم القانوني للعملات الرقمية وفقاً لآليات المؤسسات والهيئات الأمريكية، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، المجلد 13، العدد 84 ، 2023م. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjle.2023.311862
د. آلاء يعقوب موسى، التكييف القانوني للعملات الافتراضية- البتكوين نموذجاً، مجلة جامعة الشارقة للعلوم القانونية، كلية القانون، المجلد: 19، العدد: 3، 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36394/jls.v19.i3.5
رشا على الدين أحمد، النظام القانوني لحماية عنوان الموقع الإلكتروني- دراسة على ضوء قواعد تنازع القوانين، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، العدد: 67، 2018.
د. سالي سمير فهمي عبد المسيح، الاستثمار في العملات الافتراضية، المجلة القانونية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة القاهرة، فرع الخرطوم، المجلد 10، العدد 7، 2021م.
د. هايدي عيسى حسن علي حسن، إشكاليات العقود الذكية في القانون الدولي الخاص، دراسة تحليلية مقارنة، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، العدد: 82، المجلد: 12، 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjle.2022.294119
د. منصور علي منصور شطا، العملات الافتراضية المشفرة وأثرها على مستقبل المعاملات (الواقع وآفاق المستقبل)، مجلة كلية الشريعة والقانون، جامعة طنطا، المجلد: 37، العدد :1، 2022م. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mksq.2022.254937
د. صلاح زين زيدان، دراسة لبعض مشكلات عملة البيتكوين المشفرة، مجلة البحوث القانونية والاقتصادية، مؤتمر الجوانب القانونية والاقتصادية للذكاء الاصطناعي وتكنولوجيا المعلومات، كلية الحقوق، جامعة المنصورة، 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/mjle.2022.217175
ثانياً- المراجع باللغة الإنجليزية:
AIGNER Markus: Das internationale Privatrecht und die Blockchain-ein unlösbarer gordischer Knoten.” Zeitschrift für Europarecht, internationales Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung :26 , 2020.
APOSTOL,Mihaela:Arbitration Transforming Exploring the impact of AI, blockchain, metaverse and Web3, Radboud University Press, 2025.
BONOMI Andrea, LEHMANN Matthias, LALANI Shaheeza, Blockchain and private international law, International and Comparative Business Law and Public Policy, Brill- Nijhoff, Vol: 4, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004514850
BECH Morten, GARRATT Rodney, Central bank cryptocurrencies, BIS Quarterly Review, September 2017.
BELL Chloë & CAINER Joshua, Decrypting the situs: conflicts of laws challenges in cryptoasset litigation, 2020.
Basedow, Jürgen, et al., eds, Encyclopedia of private international law, Cheltenham, RU: Edward Elgar Publishing, Vol: 1 2017.
COLLINS Lord of Mapesbury; Harris, J. (eds.), Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws,16 th ed, London, 2022.
DICKINSON Andrew: Cryptocurrencies and the Conflict of Laws, in David Fox and Sarah Green (eds), Cryptocurrencies in Public and Private Law, Oxford, UNI, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198826385.003.0005
Dicey, Morris & Collins : on the Conflict of Laws, Edward Eglar, UK, 2013.
GIRASA Rosario, Regulation of cryptocurrencis and Blockchain Technologies- National and International Perspectives, Second Edition, Springer, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21812-5
GUILLAUME Florence, Aspects of private international law related to blockchain transactions, In: Blockchains, smart contracts, decentralised autonomous organisations and the law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788115131.00009
GRABOWSKI Mark, Cryptocurrencies A Primer on digital money, Routledge Focus on Economics and Finance, New York, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201479
GIBSON, Ethan: Locating Bitcoin: Jurisdictional Challenges and Solutions in Digital Asset Law, Florida Journal of International Law, 2025, Vol: 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5049094
GREEN Sarah, & FERDISHA Snagg: Intermediated Securities and Distributed Ledger Technology, Intermediation and Beyond , Vol: 337, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509919925.ch-016
LEHMANN Matthias: Blockchains and Smart Contracts, the European Association of Private International Law, 28 February 2020.
NG Michael: Choice of law for property issues regarding Bitcoin under English law” (2019) 15 Journal of Private International Law 315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2019.1649235
SCHARFMAN Jason, Cryptocurrency Compliance and operations- Digital Assets, Blockchain and DeFi, Springer, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88000-2
PICONE Paolo: Les Méthodes De Coordination Entre Ordres Juridiques en Droit International Privé, Recueil des cours de l’ Académie de droit international de la Haye, Brill-Nijhoff, tome: 276, 1999.
RIPLEY Burcu Yüksel, Cryptocurrency Transfers in Distributed Ledger Technology-Based Systems and Their Characterisation in Conflict of Laws, “ From Theory to Practice in Private International Law: Gedächtnisschrift for Professor Jonathan Fitchen (Hart, Forthcoming), 2022.
ROWLAND Gregory (S). & KIVIAT Trevor (I.) & POLK Davis & Wardwell (LLP) : Global Legal Insights Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation,Third Edition, Global Legal Group Ltd, Uk, 2021.
SANITT Adam: Legal analysis of the governed blockchain Norton Rose Fulbright , June 2018.
VÁLKOVÁ Lenka: Property Rights Over Cryptocurrencies- A Conflict of Laws Perspective, EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), 7, 2023.
VILLATA Francesca (C.), & VÁLKOVÁ Lenka, Property Rights over Cryptocurrencies: A Conflict-of-Laws Perspective.” EU and comparative law issues and challenges series (ECLIC), Vol: 7, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28258
YÜKSEL Burcu Ripley & HEINDLER Florian: The Law Applicable to Crypto Assets: What Policy Choices Are Ahead of Us? In BONOMI Andrea, LEHMANN Matthias, LALANI Shaheeza- Blockchain and private international law, International and Comparative Business Law and Public Policy, Brill- Nijhoff, Vol: 4, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004514850_011
TAKAHASHI Koji: Conflict Of Laws In Emissions Trading, in Bonomi Andrea and PAOLO Romano Gian: Yearbook of Private International Law, Otto Schmidt, Vol: XIII, 2011.
ـــــــــــــــــــ Law applicable to proprietary issues of cryptoassets, Journal of Private International Law, Taylor & Francis, Routledge, Vol. 18, No. 3, 339–362, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2022.2138102
ثالثاً- المواقع الإلكترونية:
https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
https://eapil.org/2020/02/28/destination-aarhus-lehmann-on-blockchains-and-smart-contracts
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A41980A0934
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/29/contents
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/843/oj
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemesen.pdf
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58473260
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#p0271
https://assets.hcch.net/docs/3afb8418-7eb7-4a0c-af85-c4f35995bb8a.pdf
https://bitcoin.org/en/full-node
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019AP0086