إصدار

مجلد 4 عدد 1 (2024)

الذكاء الاصطناعي

الأدلة الرقمية أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية

https://doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v4i1.185
د. محمود حسين الشرقاوي
مدرس القانون الدولي العام كلية الحقوق – جامعة بني سويف

Corresponding Author(s) : د. محمود حسين الشرقاوي

dr.mahmoudsharkawy@law.bsu.edu.eg

مجلة القانون والتكنولوجيا , مجلد 4 عدد 1 (2024)

الملخص

أدى الاستخدام المتزايد للتكنولوجيا في كافة المجالات وتحديداً مجال العدالة الجنائية إلى زيادة معدل اعتماد التحقيقات الجنائية الوطنية والدولية حول أي نشاط إجرامي على الأدلة الرقمية، وفى خلال العقدين الأخيرين، برز دور هذه الأدلة الرقمية في التحقيقات المتعلقة بالجرائم الدولية التي تدخل في اختصاص المحكمة الجنائية الدولية.


وبالتالي لم يعد التساؤل منصباً حول قبول الأدلة الرقمية أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية من عدمه، بل أصبح التساؤل حول الإطار القانوني الذي يحكم مقبولية هذه الأدلة ومؤشرات صحتها. وعلى الرغم من عدم وجود قواعد قانونية خاصة بهذا النوع من الأدلة، إلا أن ذلك لم يمنع المحاكم الجنائية الدولية منذ بداية ظهورها من التعامل معها وقبولها في ظل القواعد العامة المطبقة على الأدلة بشكل عام.


ونظراً للأهمية البارزة لهذه الأدلة وكذلك طبيعتها التقنية الخاصة التي تميزها عن الأدلة بمفهومها التقليدي، فقد تناولت هذه الدراسة الأدلة الرقمية من حيث تطورها التاريخي أمام المحاكم الجنائية الدولية منذ بدايتها، وكذلك تعريفها، وأبرز أنواع الأدلة الرقمية التي استخدمت بالفعل أمام المحاكم الجنائية الدولية، ثم تناولت مسألة مقبولية الأدلة الرقمية من حيث شروط قبول الأدلة الرقمية أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، وكذلك حالات استبعادها، وركزت كذلك على اتجاه دوائر المحكمة في تحديد مؤشرات مصادقة أو صحة هذه الأدلة.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Digital evidence The International Criminal Court Admissibility of evidence Authentication of digital evidence الأدلة الرقمية المحكمة الجنائية الدولية مقبولية الأدلة صحة الأدلة الرقمية
محمود حسين الشرقاوي د. (2025). الأدلة الرقمية أمام المحكمة الجنائية الدولية . مجلة القانون والتكنولوجيا, 4(1), 323–426. https://doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v4i1.185
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  92. - The prosecutor v. Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15-171, Judgment and Sentence, 27 September 2016, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2016_07244.PDF
  93. - The prosecutor v. Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15-T-4-Red-ENG, Transcript, Aug. 22, 2016, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Transcripts/CR2016_05767.PDF
  94. - The prosecutor v. Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-1/12-01/15, Decision on Confirmation of Charges, 24 March 2016, available at: https://legal-tools.org/doc/bc8144/pdf
  95. - The prosecutor v. Alfred Rombhot Yekatom & Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona, Yekatom Defence Submission on the Conduct of the Trial, ICC-01/14-01/18, 15 May 2020, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2020_01959.PDF
  96. - The prosecutor v. Ayyash et al, Decision to hold trials in absentia, STL-11-01/1/TC, R109799, February 2012, available at: https://shorturl.at/UziPk
  97. - The prosecutor v. Ayyash et al, Decision to hold trials in absentia, STL-11-01/1/TC, R109799, February 2012, available at: https://shorturl.at/UziPk
  98. - The prosecutor v. Ayyash et al. (STL-11-01) – Stages of Evidence, SPECIAL TRIBUNAL FOR LEBANON, June 2017, available at: https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/3310
  99. - The prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01, Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, (Spec. Trib. Leb., Feb 16, 2011), available at: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/ceebc3/pdf/
  100. - The prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01, Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, (Spec. Trib. Leb., Feb 16, 2011), available at: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/ceebc3/pdf/
  101. - The prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Case No. STL-11-01/T/TC, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 18 August 2020, available at: https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/3314/The-The prosecutor-v-Salim-Jamil-Ayyash,-Hassan-Habib-Merhi,/
  102. - The prosecutor v. Bagosora et al (Decision on The prosecutor’s Interlocutory Appeals Regarding Exclusion of Evidence), ICTR-98-41-A, 19 December 2003, available at: https://shorturl.at/xiDiX
  103. - The prosecutor v. Bemba Gombo, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08, Decision on the admission into evidence of materials contained in the prosecution’s list of evidence, 19 November 2010, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2010_10652.PDF
  104. - The prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06, Trial Chamber VI, Public Redacted Version of ‘Decision on Defence Request for Admission of Evidence From the Bar Table, 31 January 2018, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2018_00480.PDF
  105. - The prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Dec. on Prosecution's Request for Admission of Documentary Evidence, ICC01/04-02/06-1838, 28 March 2017, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2017_01742.PDF
  106. - The prosecutor v. Delalić et al, Decision on the Prosecution’s Alternative Request to Reopen the Prosecution’s Case, IT-96-21-T, 19 August 1998, available at: https://www.icty.org/x/cases/mucic/tjug/en/
  107. - The prosecutor v. Delalić et al, Judgment, IT-96-21-A, 20 February 2001, available at: https://www.icty.org/x/cases/mucic/acjug/en/cel-aj010220.pdf
  108. - The prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Case No. icc-01/09-02/11, Pre-Trial Chamber ii, Decision on the Defence Applications, for Leave to Appeal the Single Judge’s Order to Reduce the Number of Viva Voce Witnesses, 1 September 2011, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2011_14937.PDF
  109. - The prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Bar Table Motion of the Defence of Germain Katanga, 21 October 2011, (“Katanga and Chui Decision on Defence’s Bar Table Motion”), available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2011_17539.PDF
  110. - The prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo et al., Dec. on Requests to Exclude Western Union Documents and other Evidence Pursuant to Article 69(7), ICC-01/05-01/13, 29 April 2016, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2016_03125.PDF
  111. - The prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Case No. icc-01/05-01/08, Trial Chamber iii, Decision on the admission into evidence of items deferred in the Chamber’s “Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for Admission of Materials into Evidence Pursuant to Article 64(9) of the Rome Statute”, 8 October 2012, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2012_08803.PDF
  112. - The prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for Admission of Materials into Evidence Pursuant to Article 64(9) of the Rome Statute, Case No. icc-01/05-01/08, Trial Chamber III, 27 June 2013, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2013_04725.PDF
  113. - The prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba, Decision on Requests to Exclude Western Union Documents and other Evidence Pursuant to Article 69(7), ICC-01/05-01/13-1854, 29 April 2016, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/05-01/13-1854
  114. - The prosecutor v. Katanga, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07-1515, Decision on the disclosure of evidence material relating to the The prosecutor’s site visit to Bogoro on 28, 29 and 31 March 2009, 7 October 2009, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/04-01/07-1515
  115. - The prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Case No. icc-02/11-01/15, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of Mr Laurent Gbagbo and Mr Charles Blé Goudé against Trial Chamber I’s decision on the submission of documentary evidence, 24 July 2017, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2017_04777.PDF
  116. - The prosecutor v. Mahmoud Mustafa Busayf Al-Werfalli, Case No. icc-01/11-01/17-13, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Second Warrant of Arrest, 4 July 2018, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2018_03552.PDF
  117. - The prosecutor v. Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Mr. Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Mr. Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Mr Fidèle Babala and Mr. Narcisse Arido, Appeals Chamber Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, ICC-01/05-01/13-2275-Red, 8 March 2018, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2018_01639.PDF
  118. - The prosecutor v. Nahimana, Case No. ICTR-99-52-T, Judgment and Sentence, 3 December 2003, available at: https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-99-52
  119. - The prosecutor v. Ngeze and Nahimana, Decision on the Interlocutory Appeals, Separate Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen, ICTR-99-52-I, 5 September 2000, available at: https://shorturl.at/lqSX9
  120. - The prosecutor v. Ngudjolo, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/12-3-tENG, Judgment pursuant to article 74 of the Statute, 18 December 2012, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2013_02993.PDF
  121. - The prosecutor v. Ongwen, Case No. ICC-02/04-01/15-1866, Defence Appeal Brief Against the Convictions in the Judgment of 4 February 2021, 19 October 2021, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2021_09178.PDF
  122. - The prosecutor v. Popovic, and others, Case No. IT-05-88-T, Decision on Admissibility of Intercepted Communications in Trial Chamber II, 10 June 2010, available at: https://www.icty.org/x/cases/popovic/tjug/en/100610judgement.pdf
  123. - The prosecutor v. Prlić et al, Decision on the Interlocutory Appeal Against the Trial Chamber’s Decision on Presentation of Documents by the Prosecution in Cross-examination of Defence Witnesses, IT-04-74-AR73.14, 26 February 2009, available at: https://shorturl.at/kmy13
  124. - The prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga, Case No. icc-01/04-01/06, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, February 2007, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2007_02360.PDF
  125. - The prosecutor vs, Bemba et al, Public Redacted Version of Defence Response to Prosecution’s Third Request for the admission of Evidence from the Bar Table (ICC-01/05-01/13-1170), 9 October 2015, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2015_19327.PDF
  126. - The prosecutor vs. Bemba, Decision on the admissibility of four documents, ICC-01/04-01/06, 13 June 2008, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2008_03425.PDF
  127. - The prosecutor vs. Bemba, Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the The prosecutor Against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ICC-01/05-01/08, 15 June 2009, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2009_04528.PDF
  128. - The prosecutor vs. Bemba, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, ICC-01/05-01/08, 21 March 2016, available at: CR2016_02238.PDF (icc-cpi.int)
  129. - The prosecutor vs. Bemba, Public Redacted Version of "Decision on the Prosecution's Application for Admission of Materials into Evidence Pursuant to Article 64(9) of the Rome Statute" of 6 September 2012, ICC-01/05-01/08, 8 October 2012, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2012_08803.PDF
  130. - The prosecutor vs. Bemba, Public redacted version of the First decision on the prosecution and defence requests for the admission of evidence, dated 15 December 2011, ICC-01/05-01/08-2012-Red, 9 February 2012, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/05-01/08-2012-red
  131. - The prosecutor vs. Katanga, Decision on the The prosecutor's Bar Table Motions, ICC-01/04-01/07,17 December 2010, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2010_11294.PDF
  132. - The prosecutor vs. Lubanga, Decision on the admissibility of four documents, ICC-01/04-01/06, 13 June 2008, available at: https://shorturl.at/bSYZA
  133. - The prosecutor vs. Lubanga, Decision on the confirmation of charges, ICC-01/04-01/06, 29 January 2007, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2007_02360.PDF
  134. - The prosecutor vs. Lubanga, Decision on the prosecution and defence applications for leave to appeal the decision on the confirmation of charges, Case no. ICC-01/04–01/06, 24 May 2007, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/04-01/06-915
  135. - The prosecutor vs. Ntaganda, Judgment, ICC-01/04-02/06, 8 July 2019, fn. 1283, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CourtRecords/CR2019_03568.PDF
  136. رابعاً: الوثائق والتقارير:
  137. Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations, Published jointly by OHCHR with the Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, 03 January 2022, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/publications/policy-and-methodological-publications/berkeley-protocol-digital-open-source
  138. Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations: A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, UC Berkeley Center for Human Rights and Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2020, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/publications/policy-and-methodological-publications/berkeley-protocol-digital-open-source
  139. Code of conduct for intermediaries, the ICC, 2014, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CCI-Eng.pdf
  140. Core International Crimes Evidence Database (CICED), European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation, 23 February 2023, available at: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/publication/core-international-crimes-evidence-database-ciced
  141. Digital Forensics A BASIC GUIDE FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND PROCEDURES OF A DIGITAL FORENSICS LABORATORY, Council of Europe, June 2017, available at: https://rm.coe.int/glacy-dfl-guide-version-aug-2017-v8/16809ebf68
  142. Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696), available at: https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2003/10/31/6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1/publishable_en.pdf
  143. International Bar Association, Report on the ‘Experts Rountable on trials in absentia in international criminal justice’, September 2016, available at: https://www.ibanet.org/document?id=Experts-roundtable-trials-in-absentia
  144. International Criminal Court, Final Report of the Independent Expert Review of the International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute System, 30 September 2020, available at: https://asp.icc-cpi.int/sites/asp/files/asp_docs/ASP19/IER-Final-Report-ENG.pdf
  145. Leiden Guidelines on the Use of Digitally Derived Evidence in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, The KGF research project, 2019, available at: https://leiden-guidelines.com/assets/Leiden%20Guidelines%20on%20the%20Use%20of%20DDE%20in%20ICCTs_20220404.pdf
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