حقوق الإنسان في عصر الذكاء الاصطناعي: الخصوصية، التمييز، ودور الدول والشركات؟
Corresponding Author(s) : د. أحمد محمد صلاح الألفي
مجلة القانون والتكنولوجيا ,
مجلد 5 عدد 1 (2025)
الملخص
"تبحث هذه الورقة في تأثير الذكاء الاصطناعي على حقوق الإنسان، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على الخصوصية والتمييز، إلى جانب مسؤوليات الدول والجهات الفاعلة من الشركات .فمع تزايد اندماج الذكاء الاصطناعي كجزء لا يتجزأ من جوانب الحياة المختلفة، فإنه يطرح فرصًا كبيرة ومخاطر جسيمة في آن واحد. وتشمل المخاوف الرئيسية الانتهاكات المحتملة للخصوصية وظهور أو تفاقم التمييز الخوارزمي.
تحلل هذه الدراسة هذه التأثيرات من منظور القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان، وتبحث في الالتزامات المقابلة للدول والشركات لضمان التطوير والنشر الأخلاقي لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي ، يدمج هذا البحث التحليل القانوني ودراسات الحالة ومراجعات السياسات. والهدف هو تقييم فعالية الأطر التنظيمية القائمة، بما في ذلك قانون الذكاء الاصطناعي للاتحاد الأوروبي في مواجهة هذه التحديات.
إن إمكانية قيام أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي بإدامة التحيزات، وانتهاك حقوق الخصوصية، واستحداث أشكال جديدة من التمييز، تؤكد على ضرورة وجود تدابير حوكمة قوية. ويشير البحث إلى أن الدول تتحمل مسؤولية حاسمة في تنظيم تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي، بينما ينبغي على الشركات تبني نُهُج قائمة على حقوق الإنسان ضمن ممارساتها المتعلقة بالذكاء الاصطناعي. وبالتالي، تسلط هذه الدراسة الضوء على الحاجة الملحة للتعاون الدولي لوضع أطر قانونية وأخلاقية واضحة لحماية حقوق الإنسان في عصر الذكاء الاصطناعي."
الكلمات المفتاحية
تنزيل الاقتباسات
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Books, Articles, and Reports
- Canales, Maria Paz, Ian Barber, and Jacqueline Rowe. What Would a Human Rights-Based Approach to AI Governance Look Like? Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, Global Partners Digital, 19 Sept. 2023, www.gp-digital.org/what-would-a-human-rights-based-approach-to-ai-governance-look-like/.
- Eubanks, Virginia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press, 2018.
- McNeilly, Melissa. "The Human Rights Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI)." New Tactics in Human Rights, 24 July 2023, www.newtactics.org/perspectives/human-rights-risks-artificial-intelligence-ai/.
- SA, Jane. "Artificial Intelligence: A Threat to Privacy?" Nirma University Law Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, 2019.
- Scassa, Teresa, et al. "Privacy, Ethics, and Contact-Tracing Apps." Vulnerable: The Law and Policy of COVID-19, edited by Colleen M. Flood et al., University of Ottawa Press, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.22247013.23
- Shabani, Sanaz, and Niki Jabbari. "The Impacts of Technology on the Human Rights of Linguistic Minorities." Specialusis Ugdymas/Special Education, vol. 1, no. 43, 2022.
- Warren, Samuel D., and Louis D. Brandeis. "The Right to Privacy." Harvard Law Review, vol. 4, no. 5, 1890. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160
- Zuboff, Shoshana. "Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization." Journal of Information Technology, vol. 30, no. 1, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
- Cases
- Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL and Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) and Mario Costeja González. Court of Justice of the European Union, 13 May 2014.
- Case C-634/21, SCHUFA Holding AG (Scoring). Court of Justice of the European Union, 7 Dec. 2023.
- Case C-645/19, Facebook Ireland Ltd and Others v Gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit. Court of Justice of the European Union, 15 June 2021.
- International Instruments, Declarations, and Guidelines
- Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation 2016/679. WP251 rev. 01, 3 Oct. 2017.
- Council of Europe. Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. CETS No. 224, 17 May 2024. Council of Europe Treaty Office, www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=224.
- European Commission, High-Level Expert Group on AI. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. 2019.
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: An Interpretive Guide. 2012.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD/LEGAL/0449, 2019.
- Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems. [Publisher/Organization if known], [Date if known]. (Note: Add publisher/date if available).
- UNESCO. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. SHS/BIO/PI/2021/1, 2021.
- United Nations, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Comment No. 25 (2020) on Science and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 15). E/C.12/GC/25, 2020.
- United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/39/29, 2018, www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/ahrc3929-right-privacy-digital-age-report-united-nations-high-commissioner-human.
- United Nations, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2, 2003.
المراجع
Books, Articles, and Reports
Canales, Maria Paz, Ian Barber, and Jacqueline Rowe. What Would a Human Rights-Based Approach to AI Governance Look Like? Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, Global Partners Digital, 19 Sept. 2023, www.gp-digital.org/what-would-a-human-rights-based-approach-to-ai-governance-look-like/.
Eubanks, Virginia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press, 2018.
McNeilly, Melissa. "The Human Rights Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI)." New Tactics in Human Rights, 24 July 2023, www.newtactics.org/perspectives/human-rights-risks-artificial-intelligence-ai/.
SA, Jane. "Artificial Intelligence: A Threat to Privacy?" Nirma University Law Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, 2019.
Scassa, Teresa, et al. "Privacy, Ethics, and Contact-Tracing Apps." Vulnerable: The Law and Policy of COVID-19, edited by Colleen M. Flood et al., University of Ottawa Press, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.22247013.23
Shabani, Sanaz, and Niki Jabbari. "The Impacts of Technology on the Human Rights of Linguistic Minorities." Specialusis Ugdymas/Special Education, vol. 1, no. 43, 2022.
Warren, Samuel D., and Louis D. Brandeis. "The Right to Privacy." Harvard Law Review, vol. 4, no. 5, 1890. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160
Zuboff, Shoshana. "Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization." Journal of Information Technology, vol. 30, no. 1, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
Cases
Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL and Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) and Mario Costeja González. Court of Justice of the European Union, 13 May 2014.
Case C-634/21, SCHUFA Holding AG (Scoring). Court of Justice of the European Union, 7 Dec. 2023.
Case C-645/19, Facebook Ireland Ltd and Others v Gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit. Court of Justice of the European Union, 15 June 2021.
International Instruments, Declarations, and Guidelines
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation 2016/679. WP251 rev. 01, 3 Oct. 2017.
Council of Europe. Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. CETS No. 224, 17 May 2024. Council of Europe Treaty Office, www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=224.
European Commission, High-Level Expert Group on AI. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. 2019.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: An Interpretive Guide. 2012.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. OECD/LEGAL/0449, 2019.
Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Right to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems. [Publisher/Organization if known], [Date if known]. (Note: Add publisher/date if available).
UNESCO. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. SHS/BIO/PI/2021/1, 2021.
United Nations, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Comment No. 25 (2020) on Science and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 15). E/C.12/GC/25, 2020.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. A/HRC/39/29, 2018, www.ohchr.org/en/documents/reports/ahrc3929-right-privacy-digital-age-report-united-nations-high-commissioner-human.
United Nations, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2, 2003.
