أثر التحول الرقمي على حقوق المستهلك في الهند: الأطر القانونية والإشكاليات
Corresponding Author(s) : د. نافين كومار
مجلة القانون والتكنولوجيا ,
مجلد 5 عدد 1 (2025)
الملخص
تتناول هذه الورقة البحثية التعديلات التي طرأت على حقوق المستهلك في ضوء الاتجاهات الاقتصادية الرقمية في الهند، إضافة إلى الأنظمة القانونية التي تحمي المستهلكين في البيئات الرقمية المعاصرة. يواجه المستهلك الهندي العديد من التهديدات الجديدة، مثل انتهاكات خصوصية البيانات، وعمليات الاحتيال عبر الإنترنت، والمشكلات المتعلقة بالمعاملات الرقمية الناتجة عن النمو السريع للخدمات الرقمية والتجارة الإلكترونية والمدفوعات عبر الهاتف المحمول.
يقوم البحث بتحليل الإطار القانوني لحماية المستهلك في الهند من خلال تقييم الأطر التقليدية إلى جانب التعديلات التي أُدخلت لتتلاءم مع البيئة الرقمية. كما يقيّم الدراسة قانون حماية المستهلك لعام 2019 وقانون تكنولوجيا المعلومات لعام 2000 من حيث قدرتهما على حماية المستهلكين من التهديدات التقنية الحديثة. ويتناول البحث كذلك حماية حقوق المستهلك الرقمي من خلال دراسة الأنشطة التشغيلية لكل من الهيئة المركزية لحماية المستهلك (CCPA) وهيئة تنظيم الاتصالات في الهند (TRAI).
ويعرض التحليل الإجراءات القانونية الفعالة التي ينبغي على المستهلكين اتباعها عند التعامل مع المنازعات وقضايا الاحتيال الرقمي عبر الإنترنت. وتخلص الورقة إلى تقديم مجموعة من التوصيات لتعزيز الحماية الاقتصادية الرقمية في الهند، وذلك من خلال تطبيق آليات قوية لحماية البيانات، وتسريع تسوية المنازعات عبر تعزيز الرقابة الحكومية.
الكلمات المفتاحية
تنزيل الاقتباسات
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- B M Hussain and M Rafi, 'Online Financial Transactions in India: A Study of Its Significance, Frauds and Security Models to Counter Frauds' (2023) 16 Int J Intell Engg & Sys 3 https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2023.0630.36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2023.0630.36
- U Ghosh, 'Online Financial Frauds and Cyber Laws in India: An Analysis' (2021) 10 Fin Frauds & Cyber Laws 1.
- S Sahney, K Ghosh and A Shrivastava, 'Conceptualizing Consumer ‘Trust’ in Online Buying Behaviour: An Empirical Inquiry and Model Development in Indian Context' (2013) 7 J Asia Business Stud 3 https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-Jul-2011-0038.
- S Basu and R Jones, 'E-commerce and the Law: A Review of India’s Information Technology Act, 2000' (2003) 12 Contemp S Asia 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493032000123344.
- R Kumar et al, 'Study on Online Payments and E-commerce with SOR Model' (2023) Int J Retail & Distribution Mgmt https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2023-0137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2023-0137
- B Y Qi and J Xiao, 'Fintech: AI Powers Financial Services to Improve People’s Lives' (2018) 61 Commun of the ACM 11 https://doi.org/10.1145/3239550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3239550
- S Tripathi, 'A Review of Literature Based Online Fraud in India' (2022) 12 ADHYAYAN: J Mgmt Sci 1 https://doi.org/10.21567/adhyayan.v12i1.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21567/adhyayan.v12i1.9
- M Sinha, H Majra, J Hutchins and R Saxena, 'Mobile Payments in India: The Privacy Factor' (2019) 37 Int J Bank Mktg 1 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2017-0099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2017-0099
- A S, 'Impact of Social Media on Purchase Decision Making of Customers' (2023) 5 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 2 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2045.
- R Gupta and K Nair, 'A Conceptual Model for Promotion on Digital Platforms' (2021) 27 Acad of Entrepreneur J Special Issue 2.
- K Rani and D Scholar, 'Challenges of Online Shopping and Consumer Protection' (2015) 3 Int J in Mgmt & Soc Sci 6.
- A Didwal and R Negi, 'Legal and Economic Perspective of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 in India: An Overview' (2022) 10 Int J of Sci Res & Mgmt 8 https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i08.lla01. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i08.lla01
- S Sindhu and N Negi, 'The Consumer Protection Act, 2019: A Comparative Study with the Consumer Protection Act, 1986' (2022) Paripex Indian J of Res https://doi.org/10.36106/paripex/1209259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36106/paripex/1209259
- A Saha and S R Khanna, 'Evolution of Consumer Courts in India: The Consumers Protection Act 2019 and Emerging Themes of Consumer Jurisprudence' (2021) 9 Int J on Consumer Law & Practice.
- R Gupta, 'Protection of Consumer Rights in E-Commerce in India' (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6907-4_9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6907-4_9
- S Kr Gandhi, 'E-commerce and Information Technology Act, 2000' (2006) Vidyasagar Univ J of Commerce 11.
- M A Yadugiri and G Bhasker, 'The Information Technology Act, 2000, in English for Law' (2011) https://doi.org/10.1017/upo9788175968660.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9788175968660.018
- A Bhushan, 'Understanding of Information Technology Act for E-Governance in India' (2019) IIBM’s J Mgmt https://doi.org/10.33771/iibm.v4i1-2.138.
- K Shankaraiah and D Mahipal, 'E-Commerce Growth in India: A Study of Segments Contribution' (2018) 22 Acad Mktg Stud J 2.
- N Chawla and B Kumar, 'E-Commerce and Consumer Protection in India: The Emerging Trend' (2022) 180 J Bus Ethics 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04884-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04884-3
- A K, 'Critical Analysis: Interplay of E-commerce and Consumer Protection, in Conformity with International Standards' (2024) 6 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 1 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12841.
- D D Hardigaluh and M S Pulungan, 'Comparative Study on Legal Certainty of Consumer Protection Regarding E-Commerce Transactions, Between Indonesia, India and the United States' (2022) 5 Musamus Law Rev 1 https://doi.org/10.35724/mularev.v5i1.4858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35724/mularev.v5i1.4858
- G Kaur, 'Threats to the Rights of Consumers in E-Banking in India: An Overview' (2018) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2983199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2983199
- S N Mandal, 'Protection of Consumers’ Rights: A Socio-Legal Challenge in India' (2012) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707568
- N Sharma, 'Awareness in Consumer about Consumer Protection Act. & Consumer Right in India' (2013) 7 Globsyn Mgmt J 1/2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2012/v1i1/86798
- S Y Leng, A Talib and A Gunardi, 'Financial Technologies: A Note on Mobile Payment' (2018) 22 Jurnal Keuangan & Perbankan 1 https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v22i1.1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v22i1.1993
- S K M Kavya and M Nagabhushanam, 'Consumer Behaviour in New Digital Era: A Paradigm Shift' (2018) 5 Int J of Mgmt Studies 3(7) https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(7)/07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(7)/07
- S Sahney, K Ghosh and A Shrivastava, 'Conceptualizing Consumer ‘Trust’ in Online Buying Behaviour: An Empirical Inquiry and Model Development in Indian Context' (2013) 7 J Asia Business Stud 3 https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-Jul-2011-0038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-Jul-2011-0038
- A S, 'Impact of Social Media on Purchase Decision Making of Customers' (2023) 5 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 2 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2045
- S N Mandal, 'Protection of Consumers’ Right Through Judicial and Extra Judicial Mechanism in India' (2012) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707572
- K Satyan, 'E-Commerce and Consumer Rights: Applicability of Consumer Protection Laws in Online Transactions in India' (2015) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2626027
- K V R and Dr C B, 'Expanding Horizons Consumer Rights Under Consumer Protection Act, 2019' (2023) 5 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 6 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.10356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.10356
- S Basu and R Jones, 'E-commerce and the Law: A Review of India’s Information Technology Act, 2000' (2003) 12 Contemp S Asia 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493032000123344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493032000123344
- S K Roy and N Sen, 'Right to Repair: A Reflective Facet of Consumer Justice' (2023) 32 Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 2 https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.2.11-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.2.11-34
- E E Frolova, 'Legal Regulation of Internet Banking in India' (2019) 23 RUDN J of Law 3 https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-351-374.
- V D Gaokar and K H Tundejwala, 'Cyber Crime in Online Banking' (2021) Int J Adv Res in Sci, Comm & Tech https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-1659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-1659
- A K Kashyap and M Chaudhary, 'Cyber Security Laws and Safety in E-commerce in India' (2023) 89 Law & Safety 2 https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.2.19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.2.19
- A Palanissamy and R Kesavamoorthy, 'Automated Dispute Resolution System (ADRS) - A Proposed Initial Framework for Digital Justice in Online Consumer Transactions in India' (2019) Procedia Comput Sci https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.087
- N Dawar and A Chattopadhyay, 'Rethinking Marketing Programs for Emerging Markets' (2002) 35 Long Range Planning 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(02)00108-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(02)00109-7
- L A and A K S, 'SEBI: As a Regulator of Capital Market' (2023) 5 Int J for Multidisciplinary Res 4 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5617
- A Bhushan, 'Understanding of Information Technology Act for E-Governance in India' (2019) IIBM’s J Mgmt https://doi.org/10.33771/iibm.v4i1-2.138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33771/iibm.v4i1-2.138
- A K, 'Critical Analysis: Interplay of E-commerce and Consumer Protection, in Conformity with International Standards' (2024) 6 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 1 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12841
- D P Zongwe, G S Mahantesh and R Mamatha, 'The Economics of Repair: Fixing Planned Obsolescence by Activating the Right to Repair in India' (2023) 11 Int J on Consumer Law & Practice.
- E E Frolova, 'Legal Regulation of Internet Banking in India' (2019) 23 RUDN J of Law 3 https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-351-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-351-374.
- H P H, 'Mobile Payment Service Adoption: Understanding Customers for an Application of Emerging Financial Technology' (2023) 31 Info & Comput Sec 2 https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2022-0058
- K Satyan, 'E-Commerce and Consumer Rights: Applicability of Consumer Protection Laws in Online Transactions in India' (2015) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2626027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2626027
- H P H, 'Mobile Payment Service Adoption: Understanding Customers for an Application of Emerging Financial Technology' (2023) 31 Info & Comput Sec 2 https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2022-0058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2022-0058
المراجع
B M Hussain and M Rafi, 'Online Financial Transactions in India: A Study of Its Significance, Frauds and Security Models to Counter Frauds' (2023) 16 Int J Intell Engg & Sys 3 https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2023.0630.36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2023.0630.36
U Ghosh, 'Online Financial Frauds and Cyber Laws in India: An Analysis' (2021) 10 Fin Frauds & Cyber Laws 1.
S Sahney, K Ghosh and A Shrivastava, 'Conceptualizing Consumer ‘Trust’ in Online Buying Behaviour: An Empirical Inquiry and Model Development in Indian Context' (2013) 7 J Asia Business Stud 3 https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-Jul-2011-0038.
S Basu and R Jones, 'E-commerce and the Law: A Review of India’s Information Technology Act, 2000' (2003) 12 Contemp S Asia 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493032000123344.
R Kumar et al, 'Study on Online Payments and E-commerce with SOR Model' (2023) Int J Retail & Distribution Mgmt https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2023-0137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2023-0137
B Y Qi and J Xiao, 'Fintech: AI Powers Financial Services to Improve People’s Lives' (2018) 61 Commun of the ACM 11 https://doi.org/10.1145/3239550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3239550
S Tripathi, 'A Review of Literature Based Online Fraud in India' (2022) 12 ADHYAYAN: J Mgmt Sci 1 https://doi.org/10.21567/adhyayan.v12i1.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21567/adhyayan.v12i1.9
M Sinha, H Majra, J Hutchins and R Saxena, 'Mobile Payments in India: The Privacy Factor' (2019) 37 Int J Bank Mktg 1 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2017-0099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2017-0099
A S, 'Impact of Social Media on Purchase Decision Making of Customers' (2023) 5 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 2 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2045.
R Gupta and K Nair, 'A Conceptual Model for Promotion on Digital Platforms' (2021) 27 Acad of Entrepreneur J Special Issue 2.
K Rani and D Scholar, 'Challenges of Online Shopping and Consumer Protection' (2015) 3 Int J in Mgmt & Soc Sci 6.
A Didwal and R Negi, 'Legal and Economic Perspective of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 in India: An Overview' (2022) 10 Int J of Sci Res & Mgmt 8 https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i08.lla01. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i08.lla01
S Sindhu and N Negi, 'The Consumer Protection Act, 2019: A Comparative Study with the Consumer Protection Act, 1986' (2022) Paripex Indian J of Res https://doi.org/10.36106/paripex/1209259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36106/paripex/1209259
A Saha and S R Khanna, 'Evolution of Consumer Courts in India: The Consumers Protection Act 2019 and Emerging Themes of Consumer Jurisprudence' (2021) 9 Int J on Consumer Law & Practice.
R Gupta, 'Protection of Consumer Rights in E-Commerce in India' (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6907-4_9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6907-4_9
S Kr Gandhi, 'E-commerce and Information Technology Act, 2000' (2006) Vidyasagar Univ J of Commerce 11.
M A Yadugiri and G Bhasker, 'The Information Technology Act, 2000, in English for Law' (2011) https://doi.org/10.1017/upo9788175968660.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9788175968660.018
A Bhushan, 'Understanding of Information Technology Act for E-Governance in India' (2019) IIBM’s J Mgmt https://doi.org/10.33771/iibm.v4i1-2.138.
K Shankaraiah and D Mahipal, 'E-Commerce Growth in India: A Study of Segments Contribution' (2018) 22 Acad Mktg Stud J 2.
N Chawla and B Kumar, 'E-Commerce and Consumer Protection in India: The Emerging Trend' (2022) 180 J Bus Ethics 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04884-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04884-3
A K, 'Critical Analysis: Interplay of E-commerce and Consumer Protection, in Conformity with International Standards' (2024) 6 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 1 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12841.
D D Hardigaluh and M S Pulungan, 'Comparative Study on Legal Certainty of Consumer Protection Regarding E-Commerce Transactions, Between Indonesia, India and the United States' (2022) 5 Musamus Law Rev 1 https://doi.org/10.35724/mularev.v5i1.4858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35724/mularev.v5i1.4858
G Kaur, 'Threats to the Rights of Consumers in E-Banking in India: An Overview' (2018) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2983199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2983199
S N Mandal, 'Protection of Consumers’ Rights: A Socio-Legal Challenge in India' (2012) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707568
N Sharma, 'Awareness in Consumer about Consumer Protection Act. & Consumer Right in India' (2013) 7 Globsyn Mgmt J 1/2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2012/v1i1/86798
S Y Leng, A Talib and A Gunardi, 'Financial Technologies: A Note on Mobile Payment' (2018) 22 Jurnal Keuangan & Perbankan 1 https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v22i1.1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v22i1.1993
S K M Kavya and M Nagabhushanam, 'Consumer Behaviour in New Digital Era: A Paradigm Shift' (2018) 5 Int J of Mgmt Studies 3(7) https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(7)/07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(7)/07
S Sahney, K Ghosh and A Shrivastava, 'Conceptualizing Consumer ‘Trust’ in Online Buying Behaviour: An Empirical Inquiry and Model Development in Indian Context' (2013) 7 J Asia Business Stud 3 https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-Jul-2011-0038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-Jul-2011-0038
A S, 'Impact of Social Media on Purchase Decision Making of Customers' (2023) 5 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 2 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2045
S N Mandal, 'Protection of Consumers’ Right Through Judicial and Extra Judicial Mechanism in India' (2012) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1707572
K Satyan, 'E-Commerce and Consumer Rights: Applicability of Consumer Protection Laws in Online Transactions in India' (2015) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2626027
K V R and Dr C B, 'Expanding Horizons Consumer Rights Under Consumer Protection Act, 2019' (2023) 5 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 6 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.10356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.10356
S Basu and R Jones, 'E-commerce and the Law: A Review of India’s Information Technology Act, 2000' (2003) 12 Contemp S Asia 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493032000123344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493032000123344
S K Roy and N Sen, 'Right to Repair: A Reflective Facet of Consumer Justice' (2023) 32 Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 2 https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.2.11-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.2.11-34
E E Frolova, 'Legal Regulation of Internet Banking in India' (2019) 23 RUDN J of Law 3 https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-351-374.
V D Gaokar and K H Tundejwala, 'Cyber Crime in Online Banking' (2021) Int J Adv Res in Sci, Comm & Tech https://doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-1659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-1659
A K Kashyap and M Chaudhary, 'Cyber Security Laws and Safety in E-commerce in India' (2023) 89 Law & Safety 2 https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.2.19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.2.19
A Palanissamy and R Kesavamoorthy, 'Automated Dispute Resolution System (ADRS) - A Proposed Initial Framework for Digital Justice in Online Consumer Transactions in India' (2019) Procedia Comput Sci https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.087
N Dawar and A Chattopadhyay, 'Rethinking Marketing Programs for Emerging Markets' (2002) 35 Long Range Planning 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(02)00108-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(02)00109-7
L A and A K S, 'SEBI: As a Regulator of Capital Market' (2023) 5 Int J for Multidisciplinary Res 4 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5617
A Bhushan, 'Understanding of Information Technology Act for E-Governance in India' (2019) IIBM’s J Mgmt https://doi.org/10.33771/iibm.v4i1-2.138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33771/iibm.v4i1-2.138
A K, 'Critical Analysis: Interplay of E-commerce and Consumer Protection, in Conformity with International Standards' (2024) 6 Int J For Multidisciplinary Res 1 https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12841
D P Zongwe, G S Mahantesh and R Mamatha, 'The Economics of Repair: Fixing Planned Obsolescence by Activating the Right to Repair in India' (2023) 11 Int J on Consumer Law & Practice.
E E Frolova, 'Legal Regulation of Internet Banking in India' (2019) 23 RUDN J of Law 3 https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-351-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-351-374.
H P H, 'Mobile Payment Service Adoption: Understanding Customers for an Application of Emerging Financial Technology' (2023) 31 Info & Comput Sec 2 https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2022-0058
K Satyan, 'E-Commerce and Consumer Rights: Applicability of Consumer Protection Laws in Online Transactions in India' (2015) SSRN Electron J https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2626027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2626027
H P H, 'Mobile Payment Service Adoption: Understanding Customers for an Application of Emerging Financial Technology' (2023) 31 Info & Comput Sec 2 https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2022-0058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2022-0058