الضوابط القانونية لاستعمال بعض تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في إنفاذ القانون
Corresponding Author(s) : ahmed abou-elhasan
Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies,
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Abstract
This research dealt with the use of facial recognition and profiling technologies to automate decisions with artificial intelligence in law enforcement, and showed the benefits of using these two technologies in this field and their acceleration of final results and fighting crime, which is why their use has increased around the world, especially facial recognition technology linked to smart homes and systems to secure property and private homes, and this research also showed the risks and legality issues of using these technologies in law enforcement in all stages of training and operating these models, as it showed that each of these stages presents its own issues and needs its own rules to ensure its legality. He recommended the need to preserve the rules of procedural legality, especially with regard to individual rights during the use of these technologies in law enforcement, limiting their use to intermediate work without final decisions, reviewing and continuously monitoring their use, and developing the legislative structure, rules, codes, and law enforcement guidelines in line with the risks of these technologies.
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- مراجع عربية
- أولا: الكتب
- محمد لطفي عبد الفتاح، القانون الجنائي واستخدامات التكنولوجيا الحيوية: الهندسة الوراثية، البصمة الوراثية، الاستنساخ، المنصورة، دار الفكر والقانون، 2012،
- ثانيا: الأبحاث
- احمد عبد العزيز محمد أبو الحسن، الاشكاليات الناجمة عن أنظمة المراقبة الذكية من منظور حماية البيانات الشخصية وتنظيم الذكاء الاصطناعي،, ملتقى دولي حول الذكاء الاصطناعي والأمن القومي: الرهانات القانونية.، الجزائر، 2023
- ثالثا: رسائل جامعية
- عبد الحسن دويخ خفيف، استبعاد الأدلة الجنائية غير المشروعة: دراسة مقارنة، رسالة ماجستير، العراق، كلية القانون، جامعة ذوقار، 2018
- ثانيا: مراجع اجنبية
- / Books:
- Ahmed Nabil Belbachir, Smart Cameras, London, Springer Science & Business Media, 2009
- Alexander L. Vuving. Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific, united states, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2020
- Alexander L. Vuving. Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific. United states, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2020
- Alison Wakefield, Jenny Fleming, The SAGE Dictionary of Policing, united states, SAGE, 2008
- Asit Kumar Datta, Madhura Datta, Pradipta Kumar Banerjee. Face Detection and Recognition: Theory and Practice. United States, CRC Press, 2015
- Aurelia Tamò-Larrieux, Designing for Privacy and its Legal Framework: Data Protection by Design and Default for the Internet of Things, Volume 40 of Law, Governance and Technology Series, Issues in Privacy and Data Protection, Germany: Springer, 2018
- Curtis Frye, Privacy-enhanced Business: Adapting to the Online Environment, Westport/ Connecticut/ United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001
- Danny Caine. How to Resist Amazon and Why: The Fight for Local Economics, Data Privacy, Fair Labor, Independent Bookstores, and a People-Powered Future!. United states, Microcosm Publishing, 2022
- Henry H. Perritt. Digital Communications Law. Revised / 2020. United states, Wolters Kluwer, 2010, 2020 edition
- Jacqueline Klosek, Data Privacy in the Information Age, Westport/ Connecticut/ United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
- Jean-Yves Dufour, Intelligent Video Surveillance Systems, New Jersey, United States, John Wiley & Sons, 2012
- Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili, Operation of Smart Homes, Power Systems, united states, Springer Nature, 2021
- Maria Tzanou, Health Data Privacy under the GDPR: Big Data Challenges and Regulatory Responses, Routledge Research in the Law of Emerging Technologies, united states: Routledge, 2020
- Martin Ford. Rule of the Robots: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Everything. United Kingdom, Hachette UK, 2021
- Neha Sharma, Amlan Chakrabarti, Valentina Emilia Balas, Jan Martinovic, Data Management, Analytics and Innovation: Proceedings of ICDMAI 2020, Volume 1, singapore, Springer Nature, 2020
- Roberto J. Rodrigues, Petra Wilson, Stephen J. Schanz, The Regulation of Privacy and Data Protection in the Use of Electronic Health Information: An International Perspective and Reference Source on Regulatory and Legal Issues Related to Person-identifiable Health Databases, Washington, D.C., United States: Pan American Health Organization, 2001
- Roland Vogl. Research Handbook on Big Data Law, Research Handbooks in Information Law series. United states, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021
- Ronald J. Deibert. Reset: Reclaiming the Internet for Civil Society. United Kingdom. September Publishing, 2020
- Rosario Girasa. Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology: Economic Transformation and Government Regulation. Switzerland, Springer Nature, 2020
- Stan Z. Li, Anil K. Jain. Handbook of Face Recognition. United states, Springer Science & Business Media, 2005
- Stephen J.A. Ward. Handbook of Global Media Ethics. Switzerland, Springer Nature, 2021
- United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection, The EU Data Protection Directive: Implications for the U.S. Privacy Debate : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session, March 8, 2001, Volume 4, U.S., Washington, D.C./ United States: Government Printing Office, 2001
- / Formal documents:
- article 29 data protection working party. opinion 02/2012 on facial recognition in online and mobile services. Brussels, 22 March 2012
- Council of the European Union, Interinstitutional File: 2021/0106(COD), Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts
- Edward J. Markey, a letter to Andrew jassy, united states, June , 2022
- the EU fundamental rights agency. facial recognition technology: fundamental rights considerations in the context of law enforcement. Austria, fra – European union agency for fundamental rights, 2019.
- The European Data Protection Board. Guidelines 05/2022 on the use of facial recognition technology in the area of law enforcement. Brussel, 27 June 2022.
- European Commission, High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, ETHICS GUIDELINES FOR TRUSTWORTHY AI, B-1049, Brussels, AI HLEG
- UNESCO, Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
- / cases:
- CJEU judgment in the Schrems II case, 2020
- JOHN C. COUGHENOUR, District Judge order on 3/8/2022 on Case No. C20-1298-JCC
- Mutnick v. Clearview AI, Inc. et al, No. 1:2020cv00512
- NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT, Case 3:23-cv-03199, Filed 06/28/23
- NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. RE FACEBOOK BIOMETRIC INFORMATION PRIVACY LITIGATION Case No. 15-cv-03747-JD
- Wise v. Ring LLC, W.D. Wash., No. 2:20-cv-01298, 8/3/22
- Zellmer v. Facebook, Inc. (3:18-cv-01880) District Court, N.D. California, March 27, 2018
- California Penal Code Sections 630-637.9 CHAPTER 1.5. INVASION OF PRIVACY, PENAL CODE SECTION 630-637.9
- United states of America, Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA)
- United states of america, The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA), Title 18, United States Code, Section 1030
References
مراجع عربية
أولا: الكتب
محمد لطفي عبد الفتاح، القانون الجنائي واستخدامات التكنولوجيا الحيوية: الهندسة الوراثية، البصمة الوراثية، الاستنساخ، المنصورة، دار الفكر والقانون، 2012،
ثانيا: الأبحاث
احمد عبد العزيز محمد أبو الحسن، الاشكاليات الناجمة عن أنظمة المراقبة الذكية من منظور حماية البيانات الشخصية وتنظيم الذكاء الاصطناعي،, ملتقى دولي حول الذكاء الاصطناعي والأمن القومي: الرهانات القانونية.، الجزائر، 2023
ثالثا: رسائل جامعية
عبد الحسن دويخ خفيف، استبعاد الأدلة الجنائية غير المشروعة: دراسة مقارنة، رسالة ماجستير، العراق، كلية القانون، جامعة ذوقار، 2018
ثانيا: مراجع اجنبية
/ Books:
Ahmed Nabil Belbachir, Smart Cameras, London, Springer Science & Business Media, 2009
Alexander L. Vuving. Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific, united states, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2020
Alexander L. Vuving. Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific. United states, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2020
Alison Wakefield, Jenny Fleming, The SAGE Dictionary of Policing, united states, SAGE, 2008
Asit Kumar Datta, Madhura Datta, Pradipta Kumar Banerjee. Face Detection and Recognition: Theory and Practice. United States, CRC Press, 2015
Aurelia Tamò-Larrieux, Designing for Privacy and its Legal Framework: Data Protection by Design and Default for the Internet of Things, Volume 40 of Law, Governance and Technology Series, Issues in Privacy and Data Protection, Germany: Springer, 2018
Curtis Frye, Privacy-enhanced Business: Adapting to the Online Environment, Westport/ Connecticut/ United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001
Danny Caine. How to Resist Amazon and Why: The Fight for Local Economics, Data Privacy, Fair Labor, Independent Bookstores, and a People-Powered Future!. United states, Microcosm Publishing, 2022
Henry H. Perritt. Digital Communications Law. Revised / 2020. United states, Wolters Kluwer, 2010, 2020 edition
Jacqueline Klosek, Data Privacy in the Information Age, Westport/ Connecticut/ United States: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
Jean-Yves Dufour, Intelligent Video Surveillance Systems, New Jersey, United States, John Wiley & Sons, 2012
Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili, Operation of Smart Homes, Power Systems, united states, Springer Nature, 2021
Maria Tzanou, Health Data Privacy under the GDPR: Big Data Challenges and Regulatory Responses, Routledge Research in the Law of Emerging Technologies, united states: Routledge, 2020
Martin Ford. Rule of the Robots: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Everything. United Kingdom, Hachette UK, 2021
Neha Sharma, Amlan Chakrabarti, Valentina Emilia Balas, Jan Martinovic, Data Management, Analytics and Innovation: Proceedings of ICDMAI 2020, Volume 1, singapore, Springer Nature, 2020
Roberto J. Rodrigues, Petra Wilson, Stephen J. Schanz, The Regulation of Privacy and Data Protection in the Use of Electronic Health Information: An International Perspective and Reference Source on Regulatory and Legal Issues Related to Person-identifiable Health Databases, Washington, D.C., United States: Pan American Health Organization, 2001
Roland Vogl. Research Handbook on Big Data Law, Research Handbooks in Information Law series. United states, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021
Ronald J. Deibert. Reset: Reclaiming the Internet for Civil Society. United Kingdom. September Publishing, 2020
Rosario Girasa. Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology: Economic Transformation and Government Regulation. Switzerland, Springer Nature, 2020
Stan Z. Li, Anil K. Jain. Handbook of Face Recognition. United states, Springer Science & Business Media, 2005
Stephen J.A. Ward. Handbook of Global Media Ethics. Switzerland, Springer Nature, 2021
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection, The EU Data Protection Directive: Implications for the U.S. Privacy Debate : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session, March 8, 2001, Volume 4, U.S., Washington, D.C./ United States: Government Printing Office, 2001
/ Formal documents:
article 29 data protection working party. opinion 02/2012 on facial recognition in online and mobile services. Brussels, 22 March 2012
Council of the European Union, Interinstitutional File: 2021/0106(COD), Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain Union legislative acts
Edward J. Markey, a letter to Andrew jassy, united states, June , 2022
the EU fundamental rights agency. facial recognition technology: fundamental rights considerations in the context of law enforcement. Austria, fra – European union agency for fundamental rights, 2019.
The European Data Protection Board. Guidelines 05/2022 on the use of facial recognition technology in the area of law enforcement. Brussel, 27 June 2022.
European Commission, High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, ETHICS GUIDELINES FOR TRUSTWORTHY AI, B-1049, Brussels, AI HLEG
UNESCO, Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
/ cases:
CJEU judgment in the Schrems II case, 2020
JOHN C. COUGHENOUR, District Judge order on 3/8/2022 on Case No. C20-1298-JCC
Mutnick v. Clearview AI, Inc. et al, No. 1:2020cv00512
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT, Case 3:23-cv-03199, Filed 06/28/23
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. RE FACEBOOK BIOMETRIC INFORMATION PRIVACY LITIGATION Case No. 15-cv-03747-JD
Wise v. Ring LLC, W.D. Wash., No. 2:20-cv-01298, 8/3/22
Zellmer v. Facebook, Inc. (3:18-cv-01880) District Court, N.D. California, March 27, 2018
California Penal Code Sections 630-637.9 CHAPTER 1.5. INVASION OF PRIVACY, PENAL CODE SECTION 630-637.9
United states of America, Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA)
United states of america, The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA), Title 18, United States Code, Section 1030
